Spinoza (Picture-2947094)

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Circa 1660, Benedict Spinoza (1632 - 1677), aka Baruch Spinoza. Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish heritage whose independent thinking led to expulsion from the synagogue in 1656. His philosophy was deductive and rational as expressed in 'Ethics' in 1665. (Photo by Archive Photos/Getty Images)

Circa 1750, A Jewish congregation celebrating the New Year in an American synogogue. (Photo by MPI/Getty Images)

10th June 1971: From left to right: The Archbishop of Canterbury Dr Michael Ramsey; The Most Reverend Archbishop in Jerusalem, the Reverend George Appleton; at the microphone the Chief Rabbi, Dr Immanuel Jakobovits and Cardinal Heenan of Westminster. They are at a meeting of the Council of Christians and Jews held at St John's Wood Synagogue. The subject was 'The Cost of Peacemaking'. (Photo by Central Press/Getty Images)

An Eastern grocery next to a synagogue on a street in the East End of London. (Photo by Evening Standard/Getty Images)

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Circa 1660, Benedict Spinoza (1632 - 1677), aka Baruch Spinoza. Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish heritage whose independent thinking led to expulsion from the synagogue in 1656. His philosophy was deductive and rational as expressed in 'Ethics' in 1665. (Photo by Archive Photos/Getty Images)

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